Chapter 1
Prologue:
The prologue explains that the Hadza, a group of people located in Northern Tanzania, will no longer exist very soon. These people have continued leading their lives the only way humans knew was possible 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The 1,300 Hadza who still exist today live in huts, hunt and gather to survive and keep up with animal migrations. It is evident that they will soon disappear due to farmers, cattle herders, governments, missionaries and tourists all contribute to their extinction.
Introduction of chapter:
The introduction explains that around 12,000 years ago the Neolithic era began. This took place in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. This revolution happened when cultivation of plants and domestication of animals started to spread. The intro mentions how many history courses skip the first 20,000 years of human life known as the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Some say it's because they connect "real history" to writing and people of those eras didn't have any form of writing. But despite this early human life shouldn't be ignored or forgotten since it's still part of our history.
Out of Africa:
The first sign of homo sapiens which dates back to around 200,000 to 250,000 years ago is seen in Africa. They settled in new environments such as deserts and forests. These people were able to find new ways to use the resources around them creating helpful tools so they wouldn't have to rely on dead animals to survive. These people didn't stay in Africa though, they migrated to places like Eurasia, Australia and the Americas around 100,000 and 60,000 years ago. Movement during the last ice age was convenient for only one reason: the sea levels decreased since the water froze which made traveling much easier.
Into Eurasia:
The colder weather conditions that occurred because of the ice age directed people to Europe where it was warmer. This is where their hunting methods began to change. They were now hunting animals like reindeer and horses which contributed to the development of bows and arrows as well as spear throwers. They expressed themselves through various types of art such as cave paintings and sculptures.
Into Australia:
Migration to Australia occurred around 60,000 years ago, these people were moving from Indonesia and the only way to get to Australia was through boats. This was a new way of traveling for the people of that time. Around 300,000 people arrived in Australia, there they developed 250 languages and started a new life for themselves that consisted of hunting and gathering. Even though the world around them was moving forward into agriculture, aboriginals did not change their way of life. The aboriginals developed a different outlook on the world called dreamtime. It recreated how the world started through endless stories, extended ceremonies and rock art.
Into the Americas:
Around 30,000 and 15,000 years ago people living in eastern Siberia migrated to the Americas. They became known as Clovis people who led the traditional life of hunting and gathering. Archeologists have come to the conclusion that Clovis men hunted animals like mammoths and bison. Record of the existence of Clovis people disappears around 11,000 years ago, which is when mammoths and several other species went extinct. No one is really sure if there is a connection between these events or not.
Into the Pacific:
This last migration took place 3,500 years ago. They settled in the Pacific basin within 2,500 years.
The Austronesian family of languages which trace back to southern China became the most geographically widespread in the world. The people who traveled to the Pacific were taken over by agriculture people.
The ways we were:
The Paleolithic people created various amounts of cultures, languages and identities.
The first human societies:
Paleolithic societies usually only consisted of 20 to 25 members and their population didn't increase quickly. These people lived equally with no superiority in married couple relationships. They lived peacefully among each other, but this didn't last long as only 25 years later there was a lot of constant violence among men in their society.
Economy and the environment:
These Paleolithic people were known as "the affluent society". This is because they needed so little and were satisfied with what they had and the resources around them. They would light fires to encourage the growth of certain plants, but this only led a rapid increase in fire resistant eucalyptus trees. Eventually these people went extinct but the cause is not clear.
The realm of the spirit:
Paleolithic societies appear to have been monotheistic and that there was a force in place that could only be reached through shermans through a trance dance.
Settling down: the great transition:
There was one event that changed everything for societies: climate change. After the ice age this allowed everything to grow and finally the people felt as if they could settle down. This allowed for growth of human population and societies all around the world found places to live permanently. Migration had ended and the journey was over.
The prologue explains that the Hadza, a group of people located in Northern Tanzania, will no longer exist very soon. These people have continued leading their lives the only way humans knew was possible 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. The 1,300 Hadza who still exist today live in huts, hunt and gather to survive and keep up with animal migrations. It is evident that they will soon disappear due to farmers, cattle herders, governments, missionaries and tourists all contribute to their extinction.
Introduction of chapter:
The introduction explains that around 12,000 years ago the Neolithic era began. This took place in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas. This revolution happened when cultivation of plants and domestication of animals started to spread. The intro mentions how many history courses skip the first 20,000 years of human life known as the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. Some say it's because they connect "real history" to writing and people of those eras didn't have any form of writing. But despite this early human life shouldn't be ignored or forgotten since it's still part of our history.
Out of Africa:
The first sign of homo sapiens which dates back to around 200,000 to 250,000 years ago is seen in Africa. They settled in new environments such as deserts and forests. These people were able to find new ways to use the resources around them creating helpful tools so they wouldn't have to rely on dead animals to survive. These people didn't stay in Africa though, they migrated to places like Eurasia, Australia and the Americas around 100,000 and 60,000 years ago. Movement during the last ice age was convenient for only one reason: the sea levels decreased since the water froze which made traveling much easier.
Into Eurasia:
The colder weather conditions that occurred because of the ice age directed people to Europe where it was warmer. This is where their hunting methods began to change. They were now hunting animals like reindeer and horses which contributed to the development of bows and arrows as well as spear throwers. They expressed themselves through various types of art such as cave paintings and sculptures.
Into Australia:
Migration to Australia occurred around 60,000 years ago, these people were moving from Indonesia and the only way to get to Australia was through boats. This was a new way of traveling for the people of that time. Around 300,000 people arrived in Australia, there they developed 250 languages and started a new life for themselves that consisted of hunting and gathering. Even though the world around them was moving forward into agriculture, aboriginals did not change their way of life. The aboriginals developed a different outlook on the world called dreamtime. It recreated how the world started through endless stories, extended ceremonies and rock art.
Into the Americas:
Around 30,000 and 15,000 years ago people living in eastern Siberia migrated to the Americas. They became known as Clovis people who led the traditional life of hunting and gathering. Archeologists have come to the conclusion that Clovis men hunted animals like mammoths and bison. Record of the existence of Clovis people disappears around 11,000 years ago, which is when mammoths and several other species went extinct. No one is really sure if there is a connection between these events or not.
Into the Pacific:
This last migration took place 3,500 years ago. They settled in the Pacific basin within 2,500 years.
The Austronesian family of languages which trace back to southern China became the most geographically widespread in the world. The people who traveled to the Pacific were taken over by agriculture people.
The ways we were:
The Paleolithic people created various amounts of cultures, languages and identities.
The first human societies:
Paleolithic societies usually only consisted of 20 to 25 members and their population didn't increase quickly. These people lived equally with no superiority in married couple relationships. They lived peacefully among each other, but this didn't last long as only 25 years later there was a lot of constant violence among men in their society.
Economy and the environment:
These Paleolithic people were known as "the affluent society". This is because they needed so little and were satisfied with what they had and the resources around them. They would light fires to encourage the growth of certain plants, but this only led a rapid increase in fire resistant eucalyptus trees. Eventually these people went extinct but the cause is not clear.
The realm of the spirit:
Paleolithic societies appear to have been monotheistic and that there was a force in place that could only be reached through shermans through a trance dance.
Settling down: the great transition:
There was one event that changed everything for societies: climate change. After the ice age this allowed everything to grow and finally the people felt as if they could settle down. This allowed for growth of human population and societies all around the world found places to live permanently. Migration had ended and the journey was over.
Comments
Post a Comment